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Networking#

In-cluster networking#

k0s supports any standard CNI network providers. For convenience, k0s does come bundled with tho built-in providers, Kube-router and Calico.

Custom CNI configuration#

You can opt-out of having k0s manage the network setup and choose instead to use any network plugin that adheres to the CNI specification. To do so, configure custom as the network provider in the k0s configuration file (k0s.yaml). To deploy the CNI provider you want to use, you can deploy it using Helm, plain Kubernetes manifests or any other way.

Notes#

  • When deploying k0s with the default settings, all pods on a node can communicate with all pods on all nodes. No configuration changes are needed to get started.
  • Once you initialize the cluster with a network provider the only way to change providers is through a full cluster redeployment.

Kube-router#

Kube-router is built into k0s, and so by default the distribution uses it for network provision. Kube-router uses the standard Linux networking stack and toolset, and you can set up CNI networking without any overlays by using BGP as the main mechanism for in-cluster networking.

  • Uses bit less resources (~15%)
  • Does NOT support dual-stack (IPv4/IPv6) networking
  • Does NOT support Windows nodes

Calico#

In addition to Kube-router, k0s also offers Calico as an alternative, built-in network provider. Calico is a layer 3 container networking solution that routes packets to pods. It supports, for example, pod-specific network policies that help to secure kubernetes clusters in demanding use cases. Calico uses the vxlan overlay network by default, and you can configure it to support ipip (IP-in-IP).

  • Uses bit more resources
  • Supports dual-stack (IPv4/IPv6) networking
  • Supports Windows nodes

Controller-Worker communication#

One goal of k0s is to allow for the deployment of an isolated control plane, which may prevent the establishment of an IP route between controller nodes and the pod network. Thus, to enable this communication path (which is mandated by conformance tests), k0s deploys Konnectivity service to proxy traffic from the API server (control plane) into the worker nodes. This ensures that we can always fulfill all the Kubernetes API functionalities, but still operate the control plane in total isolation from the workers.

Note: To allow Konnectivity agents running on the worker nodes to establish the connection, configure your firewalls for outbound access, port 8132. Moreover, configure your firewalls for outbound access, port 6443, in order to access Kube-API from the worker nodes.

k0s controller_worker_networking

Required ports and protocols#

Protocol Port Service Direction Notes
TCP 2380 etcd peers controller <-> controller
TCP 6443 kube-apiserver worker, CLI => controller Authenticated Kube API using Kube TLS client certs, ServiceAccount tokens with RBAC
TCP 179 kube-router worker <-> worker BGP routing sessions between peers
UDP 4789 Calico worker <-> worker Calico VXLAN overlay
TCP 10250 kubelet controller, worker => host * Authenticated kubelet API for the controller node kube-apiserver (and heapster/metrics-server addons) using TLS client certs
TCP 9443 k0s-api controller <-> controller k0s controller join API, TLS with token auth
TCP 8132 konnectivity worker <-> controller Konnectivity is used as "reverse" tunnel between kube-apiserver and worker kubelets
TCP 112 keepalived controller <-> controller Only required for control plane load balancing vrrpInstances for ip address 224.0.0.18. 224.0.0.18 is a multicast IP address defined in RFC 3768.

You also need enable all traffic to and from the podCIDR and serviceCIDR subnets on nodes with a worker role.

iptables#

iptables can work in two distinct modes, legacy and nftables. k0s autodetects the mode and prefers nftables. To check which mode k0s is configured with check ls -lah /var/lib/k0s/bin/. The iptables link target reveals the mode which k0s selected. k0s has the same logic as other k8s components, but to ensure al component have picked up the same mode you can check via: kube-proxy: nsenter -t $(pidof kube-proxy) -m iptables -V kube-router: nsenter -t $(pidof kube-router) -m /sbin/iptables -V calico: nsenter -t $(pidof -s calico-node) -m iptables -V

There are known version incompatibility issues in iptables versions. k0s ships (in /var/lib/k0s/bin) a version of iptables that is tested to interoperate with all other Kubernetes components it ships with. However if you have other tooling (firewalls etc.) on your hosts that uses iptables and the host iptables version is different that k0s (and other k8s components) ships with it may cause networking issues. This is based on the fact that iptables being user-space tooling it does not provide any strong version compatibility guarantees.

Firewalld & k0s#

If you are using firewalld on your hosts you need to ensure it is configured to use the same FirewallBackend as k0s and other Kubernetes components use. Otherwise networking will be broken in various ways.

Here's an example configuration for a tested working networking setup:

[root@rhel-test ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (active)
  target: default
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: eth0
  sources: 10.244.0.0/16 10.96.0.0/12
  services: cockpit dhcpv6-client ssh
  ports: 80/tcp 6443/tcp 8132/tcp 10250/tcp 179/tcp 179/udp
  protocols: 
  forward: no
  masquerade: yes
  forward-ports: 
  source-ports: 
  icmp-blocks: 
  rich rules: